p-Synephrine · p-Synephrine (bitter orange extract)
A stimulant compound from bitter orange, flagged by EU regulators for cardiovascular risk.
Short answer
p-Synephrine (p-Synephrine (bitter orange extract)) is a alkaloid with evidence grade D, meaning it is primarily supported by animal studies. We track 0 produkter containing p-Synephrine. The top-ranked product scores 0 out of 10 on our composite scale (dose, evidence, price, testing, transparency). Prices range up to $0.00 per månad.
What it is
p-Synephrine is found naturally in bitter orange (Citrus aurantium). It is structurally similar to ephedrine and used in weight loss and pre-workout supplements.
Why people take it
Stimulant effects on heart rate and blood pressure. EU regulators flagged it for restriction due to cardiovascular concerns, especially when combined with caffeine.
Our verdict
Not a longevity ingredient. EU regulators have prioritized it for restriction in supplements.
Structure & class
p-Synephrine is a protoalkaloid. Binds to beta-3 adrenergic receptors. Sympathomimetic activity weaker than ephedrine but potentiated by caffeine.
Mechanism & clinical data
Meta-analyses show modest weight loss benefit but elevated systolic blood pressure and heart rate. Case reports of cardiovascular adverse events.
Pharmacokinetics
Approximately 2 to 3 hours.
Dose & forms
What to watch out for
Cardiovascular risk, especially with caffeine. Banned by several sports organizations.
Where this dose comes from
The trial dose above is our editorial pick from the published human trials for this ingredient. We choose the dose that the best-available studies used on the endpoint most relevant to longevity. The range shows the lowest and highest doses tested in published trials. The landmark studies below are the papers we read to set it. You can click through and check our work.
When new trials publish, our automated sweeps flag them. If a new study materially changes the dose, we update it through editorial review and record the old dose, new dose, and the triggering study in every affected product's recommendation history. The dose is never changed automatically.
Regelverk status
Timeline
Regelverk events, evidence grade changes, and key research milestones for p-Synephrine, most recent first. Every entry links to its primär source.
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EU Court sharpens the bar for botanical health claimsA Court of Justice of the European Union ruling in april 2025 further tightened the requirements for how botanical ingredients (herbs, plant extracts) can be marketed with health claims in the EU, effectively removing much of the flexibility of the on-hold list.
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EU heads of food safety agencies prioritize p-synephrine for restrictionThe HoA Working Group on Food Supplements identified p-synephrine among 12 substances prioritized for Article 8 restriction due to cardiovascular safety concerns, especially when combined with caffeine.
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EU report identifies 117 supplement substances as potential health risksThe HoA Working Group on Food Supplements (26 European countries) published its first report evaluating 117 substances used in food supplements. Of these, 65 were assessed as likely novel foods, 6 were already regulated, 34 had insufficient data, and 12 were prioritized for Article 8 restriction under Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006. The 12 priority substances include ashwagandha, curcumin, melatonin, piperine, St. John's wort, coumarin, p-synephrine, maca, holy basil, Melaleuca, black cohosh, and L-tryptophan. The report drew on 1,500 RASFF alerts reviewed between 2017 and mid-2022.
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HoA 2024 (BVL/NVWA, EU)26-country EU working group prioritized p-synephrine for Article 8 restriction due to cardiovascular safety concerns at supplement doses.
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EU Health Claims Regulation adoptedRegulation (EC) No 1924/2006 laid down harmonised rules for nutrition and health claims made on foods, including supplements. Only claims listed in the EU Register of authorised claims can be used. Rejected botanical claims are held in a separate on-hold list.
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EU introduces the Novel Food RegulationRegulation (EC) No 258/97 required any food or food ingredient without a history of consumption in the EU before 15 maj 1997 to be authorised before being placed on the market. This is the framework that captures NMN, spermidine as a supplement ingredient, urolithin A, and many other longevity actives.
Landmark studies
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HoA 2024 (BVL/NVWA, EU)
26-country EU working group prioritized p-synephrine for Article 8 restriction due to cardiovascular safety concerns at supplement doses.
Läs studie →
Found in these produkter
Alla produkter in our catalog that contain p-Synephrine, ranked by our overall score. Ranking is editorial, never paid.
No produkter in our catalog contain this yet.
Buying guides and comparisons
Related ingredients
Se alla in Alkaloid →Molekyler in the same class, plus the actives most often formulated alongside p-Synephrine in our catalogue.
Nothing else in the database sits close enough to this molecule to list.
Frequently asked questions
What is p-Synephrine?
p-Synephrine is found naturally in bitter orange (Citrus aurantium). It is structurally similar to ephedrine and used in weight loss and pre-workout supplements.
What dose of p-Synephrine should I take?
The trial dose in published human studies is 0 mg per dag, with a range of 0 to 0 mg per dag. Always consult a qualified clinician before starting any supplement.
Is p-Synephrine safe?
Cardiovascular risk, especially with caffeine. Banned by several sports organizations.
What is the best p-Synephrine supplement?
We track 0 produkter containing p-Synephrine. The top-ranked product scores 0 out of 10 on our composite scale, which evaluates dose, evidence, price, third-party testing, and transparency. See the comparison table above. Scores are editorial judgments, not a scientific standard.
What is the evidence grade for p-Synephrine?
p-Synephrine has evidence grade D, meaning it is primarily supported by animal studies. Grade A means replicated human RCTs with hard endpoints. Grade B means human RCTs with biomarker outcomes. Grade C means mixed or small human trials. See our evidence grading methodology.
Data verification
Bevisning grades are reviewed when new human RCTs are published. Product counts update automatically as new produkter are added. Dose ranges reflect published trial data, not brand recommendations. Read how we verify.